{
  "description": "Technology competitiveness proxies for US, China, EU-27, Germany, Japan — paired with solvency narrative. Not CDS data.",
  "as_of": "2023-2025",
  "note": "R&D from UNESCO/Eurostat/OECD latest available year (mostly 2023). Semiconductor share from SEMI/EC Chips Act communications. AI compute proxy from OECD/Epoch public estimates (2024).",
  "blocs": [
    {
      "id": "us",
      "label": "United States",
      "short_label": "US",
      "rnd_gdp_pct": 3.46,
      "rnd_year": 2023,
      "semiconductor_global_share_pct": 12.0,
      "semiconductor_year": 2024,
      "ai_compute_share_pct": 55.0,
      "ai_compute_note": "Approx. share of large-scale AI compute (Epoch/OECD estimates, 2024)",
      "top10_market_cap_count": 7,
      "top10_year": 2025,
      "source_ids": ["oecd_us", "semi_us", "epoch2024"]
    },
    {
      "id": "cn",
      "label": "China",
      "short_label": "China",
      "rnd_gdp_pct": 2.64,
      "rnd_year": 2023,
      "semiconductor_global_share_pct": 18.0,
      "semiconductor_year": 2024,
      "semiconductor_note": "Fabrication capacity share; still import-dependent on leading-edge",
      "ai_compute_share_pct": 15.0,
      "ai_compute_note": "Rising rapidly; subject to export controls",
      "top10_market_cap_count": 2,
      "top10_year": 2025,
      "source_ids": ["unesco_cn", "semi_global", "epoch2024"]
    },
    {
      "id": "eu27",
      "label": "EU-27",
      "short_label": "EU-27",
      "rnd_gdp_pct": 2.22,
      "rnd_year": 2023,
      "semiconductor_global_share_pct": 9.0,
      "semiconductor_year": 2024,
      "semiconductor_target_pct": 20.0,
      "semiconductor_target_year": 2030,
      "ai_compute_share_pct": 4.0,
      "ai_compute_note": "Fragmented; heavy reliance on US hyperscalers",
      "top10_market_cap_count": 0,
      "top10_year": 2025,
      "source_ids": ["eurostat_rnd", "eu_chips", "epoch2024"]
    },
    {
      "id": "de",
      "label": "Germany",
      "short_label": "Germany",
      "rnd_gdp_pct": 3.13,
      "rnd_year": 2023,
      "semiconductor_global_share_pct": 2.0,
      "semiconductor_year": 2024,
      "ai_compute_share_pct": 1.5,
      "top10_market_cap_count": 0,
      "top10_year": 2025,
      "source_ids": ["eurostat_de", "semi_global"]
    },
    {
      "id": "jp",
      "label": "Japan",
      "short_label": "Japan",
      "rnd_gdp_pct": 3.41,
      "rnd_year": 2023,
      "semiconductor_global_share_pct": 6.0,
      "semiconductor_year": 2024,
      "ai_compute_share_pct": 3.0,
      "top10_market_cap_count": 0,
      "top10_year": 2025,
      "source_ids": ["oecd_jp", "semi_global"]
    }
  ],
  "sources": {
    "eurostat_rnd": {
      "author": "Eurostat",
      "title": "R&D expenditure — % of GDP, EU-27",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure"
    },
    "eurostat_de": {
      "author": "Eurostat",
      "title": "R&D expenditure — Germany",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/t2020_rdtt/default/table"
    },
    "oecd_us": {
      "author": "OECD",
      "title": "GERD as % of GDP — United States",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm"
    },
    "oecd_jp": {
      "author": "OECD",
      "title": "GERD as % of GDP — Japan",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm"
    },
    "unesco_cn": {
      "author": "UNESCO Institute for Statistics / OECD",
      "title": "R&D expenditure — China",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://uis.unesco.org/en/indicator/gerd-gdp"
    },
    "semi_global": {
      "author": "SEMI / industry compilations",
      "title": "Global semiconductor fabrication capacity by region",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.semi.org/"
    },
    "semi_us": {
      "author": "SIA / SEMI",
      "title": "US semiconductor capacity and CHIPS Act context",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.semiconductors.org/"
    },
    "eu_chips": {
      "author": "European Commission",
      "title": "European Chips Act — 20% production target by 2030",
      "url": "https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-chips-act_en"
    },
    "epoch2024": {
      "author": "Epoch AI / OECD AI compute studies",
      "title": "Large-scale AI training compute by country (estimates)",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://epoch.ai/"
    }
  }
}